Chapter 11: Constitutional Courts – Supreme Courts
This chapter summarizes current a modern constitutional design regarding Constitutional and Supreme Courts. It is based on the review of national constitutions and seeks to establish a common ground for writing and amending constitutions. It provides an overview of the structure of constitutional jurisdictions, judges, their nomination, selection and duration of office as well as their independence. It further reviews the competences of the Constitutional and Supreme Courts such as the retroactive and presentive control, the diffuse and centralized judicial review of norms and individual complaints. The chapter also reviews the conflict of competences, the control of elections and the duty to protect the constitution and the prohibition of political parties and forms part of Vol. I of Writing Constitutions.